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Method of documentation adapted from the [CBE] Council of Biology Educators
for use in the Medaille College Veterinary Technology Program
Examples are indicated by text written in green
italics
A) When and Why to Document
Citations and quotations are used to give credit to the author of
something, including
words, pictures and ideas. If you use the exact words of someone else,
you must
quote them, by using "quotation" marks at the beginning and
end of the words. Only
use a quote, however, if you absolutely have to because they're the
absolutely perfect
words and if you change them, you lose the whole purpose of quoting.
In other words, quote only very rarely.
It is better to paraphrase (use the information in your own sentence)--this
is citation.
One of the most difficult parts of writing is deciding what should be
cited and what
doesn't need to be cited. Here are a few criteria to help you choose:
- If you find the same exact information in all of
the sources, it's common knowledge and doesn't need cited.
- If you use numbers that are different in all sources, cite it
(most numbers will need to be cited).
If you find conflict between information in sources...
- Check the dates (usually the newer date is more
accurate)
- Check additional sources to find a consensus
Here are a couple of other cautions when writing:
- Do not write a string of quotations or citations
and call it a paper.
- Two adjacent sentences should not be quotes or citation
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B) Citations
- Introduction
- Purpose- attribute authorship to words, artwork
& ideas used in writing
- Parts- author's surname and year of publication
- Format- in parentheses with no comma (ex. McCurnin
1994)
- Location-
Within the text
Below diagrams, tables and artwork
- Examples:
- Single
author & reference-
A client’s perception that her pet
has an injury which requires emergency care may not be accurate;
it is often impossible to determine the urgency of a situation
without examining the patient (Wheeler 1994).
- If a reference is cited
close to the use of an author’s name in the text and
author identification is clear, only the publication year should
be cited:
Stuart Forney has described the effect of
urine pH on the rate of excretion of aspirin
from the body (1994).
- If there are two
or more references by the same author in a citation, separate
the years by commas:
The relationship of urine volume to the
quantity of microscopic sediment seen on a slide has been clearly
demonstrated (Osborne 1988, 1991, 1997).
- If
more than one document is published in the same year by an author,
they
should be designated by a letter, beginning with “a”:
As Feldman discussed in his recent work
(1998a, 1998b), inaccuracies occur when human point-of-care diagnostic
systems are used in veterinary medicine.
- If a
document has two authors, cite both names connected with “and”:
Stress, bacteria and viruses contribute
to the development of bovine
respiratory disease complex in calves (Gill and Knight 1994).
- If a document has three or
more authors, cite the first author’s name followed
by “and others”:
A Veterinary Technician must understand
the emotional needs of the client whose pet has been diagnosed
with cancer in order to help effectively manage the treatment
of the patient (O’Brien and others 1994).
- If you refer to a document
that is cited in a source which you did not use,
provide the original author’s name and year of publication
“cited in” the author
and year for the resource that you used:
Anesthetic vaporizers can be classified
by their method of temperature
compensation (Hartsfield 1987 cited in Cornick 1994).
- Page numbers should be cited when quoting,
separated from the year by a
comma:
A graduate Veterinary Technician from Ontario
said: “I believe that most
people being treated in a hospital would want a formally educated
nurse to perform their treatments” (Scott 1999, p 25)
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C) References
- Introduction:
- Purpose- Provide complete information on resources
- Parts-
Author
Year of publication
Title of publication
Title of document if applicable (ex. chapter or article)
Book: edition, city of publisher, name of publisher & pages
Journal: volume, number and pages
Internet: web address and date accessed
- Format
Period-
Closes each bibliographic group
Ex. an author's name or a title
Not used in abbreviations (ex. p 7, DVM, Jones AB)
Comma-
Separates similar items in a bibliographic group
Ex. Hoskins JD, Seahorn TI and Gill
MS
- Location- End of the document
- Types-
References: all documents cited in paper
Additional References: not specifically cited but used as sources
Bibliography: supplemental readings not used as sources
- Order-
Alphabetize by author's surname
When one person authored more than one reference, order by publication
date
(earliest to most recent)
Multiple authors are listed with the primary author's name first
Do not alphabetize names within a reference (ex. Tully
TN and Martin HD)
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- Examples:
- Journal Article-
Structure: Author. Year of publication. Title of article. Title
of journal. Volume (number): page numbers.
Sample: Wortinger A. 1999. Poisonous Household
Plants. Veterinary Technician. 20 (5): 261-272.
Citation: (Wortinger 1999)
- Journal article with an organization
as author--
Structure: [Organization abbreviation in brackets] Full organization
name. Year. Title of article. Title of journal. Volume (number):
page numbers.
Sample: [AVMA] American Veterinary Medical
Association. 1998. Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 188 (3): 252-268.
Citation: (AVMA 1998)
- Journal article with an anonymous
author-
Structure: [Anonymous in brackets]. Year of publication. Title of
article. Title of journal. Volume (number): page numbers.
Sample: [Anonymous]. 1999. Veterinary Technician
Specialties Update. Veterinary Technician. 20 (5): 257.
Citation: (Anonymous 1999)
- Book with author(s)-
Structure: Author. Year of publication. Title. Edition. Location
of publisher. Publisher. Number of pages.
Sample: Hillyer EV and Quesenberry KE.
1997. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents- Clinical Medicine and Surgery.
2nd ed. Philadelphia PA: WB Saunders. 432 p.
Citation: (Hillyer and Quesenberry 1997)
- Book with an editor-
Structure: Name, editor. Year of publication. Title. Edition. Location
of publisher: Publisher. Number of pages.
Sample: McCurnin DM, editor. 1994. Clinical
Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. 3rd ed. Philadelphia PA: WB
Saunders. 655 p.
Citation: (McCurnin 1994)
- Books with chapters by different
authors-
Structure: Author. Year of publication. Title of chapter. In: Author.
Title. Edition. Location of publisher: Publisher. Pages in book.
Sample: Hoskins JD and Cheney JM. 1994.
Parasitology and Public Health. In: McCurnin DM, editor. Clinical
Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. 3rd ed. Philadelphia PA: WB
Saunders. p 72 – 96.
Citation: (Hoskins and Cheney 1994)
- Internet journal article-
Structure: Author. Year of publication. Title of article. Available
from: web address. Date accessed.
Sample: Gordon J. 1997. Transgenic Animals
as “Alternatives” to Animal Use. Available from: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/TheBroons/whytgx.htm.
Accessed 1999 July 23.
Citation: (Gordon 1997)
- Internet book-
Structure: Author. Year of publication. Title of book [monograph
online in brackets]. Edition. Location of publisher: Publisher.
Available from:web address. Date accessed.
Sample: Bennett BT, Brown MJ and Schofield
JC. 1994. Essentials for Animal Research- A Primer for Research
Personnel [monograph online]. 2nd ed. Beltsville MD: National Agriculture
Library. Available from: http://www.uiowa.edu/~vpr/research/animal.
Accessed 1999 June 15.
Citation: (Bennett and others 1994)
- Lecture / presentation-
Structure: Author. Date. Title. Description.
Location: Organization.
Sample: Macer V. 2 November
2002. Herps 101- Biology, Husbandry and Medical Problems of
Herpetofauna Native to New York. Lecture. Grand Island
NY: New York State Wildlife Rehabilitation Council.
Citation: (Macer 2002)
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